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In probing water​ and its related parameters, data is obtained from all ecosystemcomponents. These include:

  • The atmosphere, in which meteorological stations monitor precipitation,humidity, temperature, as well as wind speed and direction;

  • The soil, regarding which above- and below-surface factors come into play. Storage and movement of water are measured with a neutron probe, which is lowered through tubes placed into the soil; runoff produced on small plots is monitored by various devices located at the lowest point off the plot; andevaporation is estimated using appropriate formulae or measured directly using a microlysimeter.

  • Vegetation, which removes water from the ground via roots and releases it into the atmosphere through stomata on plant leaves. This aspect of water movement, known as transpiration, may be measured indirectly by porometryand sap flow speeds, or directly by lysimetry.​

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